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JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
1.
method of one-dimensional discriminant analysis - it is a
mathematical-statistical method that predicts the financial
distress of the company on the basis of a simple
characteristic, using a single indicator (for example Beaver
test),
2.
method of multidimensional discriminant analysis - it is a
mathematical-statistical method that predicts the financial
situation of the company through various combinations of
simple characteristics, using a set of multiple indicators,
which are usually assigned different weights (for example
Altman's model, Taffler's model, Springate's model,
Fulmer's model, Beerman's test, creditworthiness index, IN
indices, CH-index),
3.
method of point evaluation - predicts the financial
development of the company using point scales, which are
usually determined by expert methods (Quick test, Argenti's
model),"
(Kotulič, 2010, p. 113).
3.2 Modern methods of financial performance evaluation
Modern methods of evaluating the financial performance of the
company were created on the basis of criticism of previous
traditional methods. The reason was that most of them are based
on accounting methods and procedures that do not always
correspond to the economic view of the company's performance.
Therefore, modern methods work not only in terms of
accounting profit but also in terms of economic profit, the costs
of which are made up not only of accounting costs but also of
alternative costs, which are also called opportunity costs.
The most popular modern methods include the EVA (Economic
Value Added), MVA (Market Value Added), Excess Return,
Shareholder Value Added and, most recently, the Balanced
Scorecard (BSC) methods.
EVA
The main task of the EVA method is to measure the economic
profit of the company, which the company achieves when not
only current costs are paid, but also the costs of foreign and
especially own capital (equity). It tells about the internal
performance of the company. The basic formula for the
calculation is:
EVA = NOPAT – C * WACC
where:
EVA is Economic Value Added; NOPAT is Net Operating Profit
After Tax; C is Capital; and WACC is Weighted Average Cost
of Capital.
EVA > 0 means that the return on capital is greater than its price,
and then the company creates value for its owners. EVA < 0
means that the revenue is less than the cost and the company
destroys the value.
MVA
The MVA method measures the difference between the market
value of a company and the value of invested capital. A
prerequisite for the rational behaviour of the investor is an
interest in increasing their wealth, and the difference between
these two quantities expresses the value created.
While the previous EVA method measures a company's success
over the past year, the MVA method is a look to the future that
reflects market expectations about the company's prospects. The
MVA can be calculated assuming that the market value of equity
is known as follows:
MVA = market value of equity - book value of equity
There is also another way to calculate MVA:
MVA = value of equity - total invested capital
Excess Return
"The Excess Return method, like the MVA method, is based on
market value. The following relationship is used for the
calculation:
Excess Return = actual value of wealth in period n - expected
value of wealth in period n
where:
the actual value of the wealth corresponds to the future
value of the benefits to the owners (the future value of the
dividends paid, the shares repurchased and the market price
of the share in the company at the end of the reference
period),
the expected value of the wealth expresses the value of the
invested capital at the end of the reference period, which
company should achieve at the investor's required return.
The advantage of Excess Return over MVA is the fact that it
takes into consideration the investor's requirements for capital
exaluation. Otherwise, it has the same shortcomings and its
calculation is more complicated," (Pavelková, Knápková, 2009,
p. 48).
Shareholder Value Added
Share value added (SVA) expresses the difference in the value of
the company to shareholders at the end and at the beginning of
the measured period. The value of the company to shareholders
is derived from the present value of the forecast of future cash
flows, processed for about 5 to 15 years, and from the residual
value of the company at the end of the predicted period. The
observed SVA values are comparable to the reference value,
which is the market price of the company's shares. The
performance of a company in this method is assessed solely from
the perspective of the shareholder investing in equity.
BSC
The modern value approach to business performance
management is the BSC method. "It’s a strategic system for
measuring performance, which together with the strategy
interacts with at least four important components - financial,
customer, internal business processes and learning and growth,"
(Varcholová, 2007, p. 146).
The main benefit of the BSC method is the extension and
interconnection of measuring the performance of companies
from purely financial indicators to indicators from other areas
influencing the performance of the company - indicators of the
driving forces of the future. The BSC method is an important
communication tool for management, emphasizing that value
and other indicators must be appropriately linked and
transformed for managers at all levels of corporate governance.
Managers should be informed in this way about the economic
consequences of their own decisions, and thus motivated to
influence them. It is a response to the increasingly criticized
explanatory power of value criteria in measuring the
performance of the company and assessing the success of its
survival in the future. When implementing the BSC method, the
benchmarking method also proved to be effective (copying and
taking over experience from companies that work with this
method with certain results).
4 Proposition of the process of evaluating the financial
performance of the company
The proposed process for evaluating the financial performance
of the company should serve to cover the identified deficiencies
and thus ensure the minimization of losses during the accounting
period. The previous chapters were devoted to traditional and
modern methods of evaluating the financial performance of the
company. The evaluated company must therefore be analysed by
using these methods, to find out on the basis of which indicators
the company evaluates its financial performance. It can be stated
that companies mostly monitor their liquidity, or use some other
indicators (for example profitability) of evaluation from
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