AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
β unlevered USA
year X
β unlevered USA
is the
value of
β unlevered for the USA in the specific year,
year X-1
is the value of
β
unlevered for the USA in the previous year.
The calculation according to formula 1 will therefore take place
backwards from 2011 to 2005.
After determining the values of the parameter
β unlevered for the
years 2005-2011, calculations of the EVA Equity and EVA
Entity indicators for the years 2005-2019 will be performed. The
calculation of the EVA Equity indicator will be performed using
formula No. 2 [22].
í µí°¸í µí±‰í µí°´
í µí°¸í µí±ží µí±¢í µí±–í µí±¡í µí±¦
=(í µí±…í µí±‚í µí°¸âˆ’í µí±Ÿ
í µí±’
)âˆ—í µí°¸
(2)
Where: ROE is Return on Equity,
r
e
E is Equity.
is the cost of equity,
Subsequently, the EVA Entity indicator will be calculated using
formula No. 3 [28].
í µí°¸í µí±‰í µí°´
í µí°¸í µí±›í µí±¡í µí±–í µí±¡í µí±¦
=í µí°¸í µí°µí µí°¼í µí±‡âˆ—(1âˆ’í µí±¡)âˆ’í µí±Ší µí°´í µí°¶í µí°¶âˆ—í µí°¶
(3)
Where: EBIT is Earnings Before Interest and Tax,
t is the corporate income tax rate,
WACC is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital,
C is capital that is tied up in assets used for the operating
activities of the company.
As a representative leasing company operating on the Czech
market, the average leasing company operating on the Czech
market will be determined using the arithmetic average of the
values of the EVA Equity and EVA Entity indicators in each of
the years of the period 2005-2019.
The results will be presented in graphical form in a line graph to
show the ongoing development of the calculated values. The
obtained results will then be analysed and described in terms of
the development of these indicators, especially before, during
and after the economic crisis.
Finally, leasing companies will be analysed in terms of their
numbers in which they were active in the market in the Czech
Republic. Again, these numbers will be analysed in terms of the
development of these indicators, especially before, during and
after the economic crisis.
4 Results
After adjusting the input data and deleting irrelevant data, a
different number of leasing companies active in the Czech
Republic entered the calculation each year. Table 4 shows the
specific numbers of active leasing companies entering the
calculation of the EVA Equity and EVA Entity indicators.
Table 4: Numbers of actively operating leasing companies
entering the calculation of EVA Equity and EVA Entity
indicators in 2005-2015
Year
Number of leasing
companies
2005
74
2006
98
2007
121
2008
135
2009
150
2010
160
2011
161
2012
172
2013
188
2014
215
2015
186
2016
138
2017
128
2018
122
2019
66
Source: Author.
Table 4 shows that the number of active leasing companies
entering the calculation increased every year. In the last year,
however, fewer companies were suitable for the calculation,
which was due to the incompleteness of the data needed to
calculate both indicators.
Subsequently, it was necessary to calculate the values of the
parameter
β unlevered for the years 2005-2011 according to the
formula given in the methodological part of this paper. The
calculated values of the parameter
β unlevered for the years
2005-2011 are given in Table 5.
Table 5: Calculated values of the parameter
β unlevered for the
years 2005-2011
Year
β unlevered [%]
2005
0.135581
2006
0.086977
2007
0.11
2008
0.112558
2009
0.061395
2010
0.099767
2011
0.11
Source: Author.
Finally, the parameters of EVA Equity and EVA Entity of
leasing companies active in the Czech Republic were calculated
and the average leasing company operating on the Czech market
in the years 2005-2019 was determined by the subsequent
calculation of the arithmetic average of both values. A graphical
representation of the achieved results is shown in Graph No. 1.
Graph 1: EVA Equity and EVA Entity of an average leasing
company active in the Czech Republic in 2005-2019
Source: Author.
According to Graph No. 1, it is evident that the values of the
EVA Equity and EVA Entity parameters of the average leasing
company active on the Czech market in 2005-2019 changed
significantly, especially during the economic crisis that hit the
Czech market in 2008-2014, rather than immediately before and
after the crisis. Since 2005, the value of the EVA Equity
parameter has remained below zero, with the largest decrease in
2008, when it reached the value of -11,843.7. At the same time,
the lowest value of the EVA Entity parameter (1,290.892) was
also recorded in the same year, although this parameter’s value
was positive throughout the observed period. Subsequently,
there is a noticeable sharp increase in the EVA Equity parameter
in 2009 to -4,366.29. Since 2012, the value of the EVA Equity
parameter has been positive until 2015. From 2015, however, the
average leasing company recorded a large decline in the value of
EVA Equity to -19,001 until 2018, and then began to increase
gradually again. EVA Entity in 2018 also recorded a more
-25 000
-20 000
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
Year
EVA Equity
EVA Entity
- 221 -