AD ALTA
JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
3.
Property Tax
6563
6689
5226
-1337
-20,4
4.
Land Tax
251
248
242
-9
-3,6
5.
Vehicle Tax
55
55
54
-1
-1,8
*Source: the table was compiled by the author based on the
reporting data of PJSC Sberbank
of Russia for 2017-2019 [19].
As the data in Table 1 show, in the structure of tax deductions of
Sberbank of Russia, the second most important fiscal tax is the
VAT. In 2018.there was an increase in the bank’s expenses for
VAT payment by 2,112 million roubles (11.1%), and in
comparison with 2016 - a decrease by 4380 million roubles
(7.1%), which was mainly due to an increase in the list of
benefits for this tax and a decrease in non-banking operations.
Let us note that the VAT is a rather specific tax for banks, due to
the fact that most banking operations are not subject to the VAT
taxation. This is due to the fact that the price of banking services
is very sensitive to changes, and their increase by 1-2% can lead
to a sharp decrease in the bank's profitability, and if you impose
VAT on these operations, then their price will increase by 10-
20%, which will lead to the collapse of the banking system. In
this regard, only an insignificant part of operations carried out by
banks are subject to the VAT, while most of these operations do
not relate to the banking ones.
Thus, as follows from the data in Table 1, direct taxes prevail in
the structure of the bank’s deductions. The difference in the
ratios between direct and indirect taxes, in contrast to
organizations in the field of entrepreneurship, is explained, first
of all, by the imposition of the VAT on a limited range of
operations and the exemption of all banking services (except for
cash collection).
Despite the stimulation of the Russian banking system by means
of a relatively low rate of income tax, the mechanism for
forming the income tax base still does not allow credit
institutions to develop to the full extent. The system of banks’
taxation, in conditions of the economic modernization, should be
the economic lever with the help of which it will be profitable
for the manufacturer to develop production, especially in the
innovation sphere. The current high interest rates on loans
significantly increase the cost of Russian products, significantly
reduce their competitiveness and enterprises do not have
sufficient funds for self-development.
In our opinion, in the Russian legislation, in the taxation
mechanism, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of
applying a lower income tax rate for credit institutions in the
case if they systematically direct profits not to pay dividends, but
to lend the innovative activities, science-intensive industries and
the real economic sector. The real sector of the economy is
intended to solve the problems of import substitution in Russia;
therefore, it should have advantages in obtaining loans. At the
present stage, the Russian state can and should use the tax
mechanism to timely solve urgent problems of the real situation
in the economy taking into account the past experience of
overcoming the crisis and the current state of the economy, as
well as functioning in the regime of sanctions and restrictions.
The differentiation of tax rates on the received profit, for credit
institutions, in the context of the types of their activity and
received profit may be as follows:
lending to innovative activities and science-intensive
sectors of the economy (including IT technology) - 10%;
lending to the real sector of the economy, as well as social
entrepreneurship at a reduced rate of 13%;
lending to other operations, not lower than the basic rate -
20%.
It is also possible to conduct expert assessments on the
feasibility of introducing an increased income tax rate (up to 25-
30%), for banks on income received from speculative
transactions, operations with financial and foreign exchange
transactions. This measure will make it possible to compensate
for budget losses due to the introduction of a low tax rate for
lending to innovative activities, science-intensive industries and
the real sector of the economy. Despite the high rate of profit
taxation, banks are most likely not to give up speculative
operations, since they are often the simplest and most profitable
[11]. It should be noted that for a long time in some countries a
special additional tax has been levied on foreign exchange and
financial transactions with a high level of profitability. For
example, such taxation takes place in the USA, Great Britain,
Sweden, China and in a number of other countries.
In turn, credit institutions need to maintain a differentiated loan
rate, with the arrangements of its application in the loan
agreement. For example: if a loan is approved at 13% per
annum, and its goal is achieved (a positive outcome), the loan
rate can be reduced to 10% per annum. As a result, a triple effect
respecting the interests of all participants is achieved:
for a bank client - a loan with a low interest rate, which
gives opportunities for growth and development of their
own business;
for a credit institution - taxation of its own income at a
reduced rate;
for the state - investment growth and development of
priority sectors of the economy.
Thus, differentiating the income tax rate by types of banking
operations, services and transactions, as well as strengthening
control measures and sanctions, in cases of criminal and illegal
activities of banks, it is possible to fully realize the fiscal and
regulatory potential of the banking taxation mechanism, and
more successfully solve development problems of modern
priority industries and sectors of the economy.
4 Discussion
In conditions of difficult access to foreign financial sources for
credit institutions in Russia, the creation of the resource base
occurs mainly due to the savings of the population and
investments of the corporate sector [12]. Regulation of the tax
component in the finances of commercial banks should allow
them to function as economically stable taxpayers and act as a
reliable source of budget revenues.
The data in Table 2 demonstrate that the fiscal role of taxes from
the banking sector of the economy in the formation of the
consolidated budget revenues of Russia remains low. So, the
share of taxes received in the consolidated budget of the Russian
Federation from the banking sector of the economy, in the total
volume of taxes and fees amounted to 2.5% in 2017, 1.7% in
2018 and 2.2% in 2019. (Table 2) This can be explained both by
the insufficient development of the banking system in Russia, in
comparison with foreign countries, and by the orientation of the
current taxation mechanism towards providing only banking
services and performing banking operations related to attracting
and placement of attracted funds.
Table 2. The rate of change in tax receipts to the consolidated
budget of the Russian Federation from credit institutions for
2017 - 2019 (billion roubles, in%)
Indicators
Billion rubles
Changes Rate,
2019/2017/2018 (in %)
2017
2018
2019
2018
/2017
2019
/2017
2019
/2018
Total
receipts,
including:
17476,
3
21
328,5
22
757,0
122,0
131,7
106,6
From credit
institutions
436,7
362,6
500,7
83,0
114,6
138,1
Specific
weight, %
2,5
1,7
2,2
-
-
-
* The table was compiled by the author based on the reporting
data of the Federal Tax Service of Russia (2018-2020) and the
Federal State Statistical Service of the Russian Federation (2018-
2020).
According to the data in Table 2, one can say that despite the
overall increase in tax revenues to the consolidated budget of the
Russian Federation by 22.2% in 2018,the volume of taxes paid
by credit institutions amounted to 362.6 billion roubles, which is
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