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is inserted between the individual columns. Then the selected
material is folded again. The procedure is repeated. The
distribution of engineering networks is also inserted into the
prefabricated wooden building created in this way. The resulting
product is placed vertically by installed construction carpentry
products. In the case of the perimeter walls of a wooden
building, the plaster is finally finished depending on the degree
of finalization of individual components [21,22].
2.1.2 The phase of transport of components and the phase of
implementation of a panel wooden building
Finished panels for prefabricated wooden buildings are shipped
to the truck during shipment so that their arrangement
corresponds to the subsequent procedure of building a wooden
building. At the construction site, the panels are placed on a base
plate using heavy machinery. The anchoring of the panels of the
perimeter walls of prefabricated wooden buildings is first
realized in the corners, in the places of their joints where the
panels are pulled towards each other. We anchor most often with
screws in predetermined places. Subsequently, the panel is fixed
to the base plate with metal angles from the inside of the wall.
The procedure with panels of internal partitions is similar [23].
Prefabricated ceilings are placed on such a complete block and
fastened to the lower part of the building with screws. In the case
of a multi-storey wooden building, a prefabricated staircase is
inserted into the house and is also anchored to the walls and
ceiling with metal connecting materials. The whole house is
covered by a truss structure, which is also prefabricated. The
prefabricated construction is completed by laying and anchoring
the roof panels and the final laying of the roof covering [24-26].
Also, depending on the finalization stage of the individual
panels, the finishing work on the construction site is carried out
in direct proportion.
2.2 Production stages of preparation and prefabrication of
wooden buildings
The different stages of production or prefabrication of wooden
structures determine the extent to which the structural elements
will be prepared in advance and in what condition they will leave
the production plant for subsequent assembly on the construction
site. Whereas in the past loose and unprocessed building
elements were delivered to the construction site, today they are
flat construction elements (elements). In these planar elements,
the first stage of prefabrication of timber structures begins by
comprising parts of the supporting structure and at least one
layer of cladding. The wooden structure defined in this way is
pre-assembled into a flat element, adjusted in height and width
according to the required dimensions, including the preparation
of openings for windows and doors. In the third stage, an
insulating material is inserted between the structural elements
and the elements are clad on both sides with OSB boards or
gypsum fiber boards. The intermediate stage consists of the
insertion of adapters for technical installations. The
incorporation of windows and doors into flat elements is another
stage of prefabrication. A high degree of prefabrication of
wooden buildings can also be achieved if the façade is also
installed in the production plant and, if necessary, the internal
wall cladding is also installed [27,28]. Today's production is so
far that they also carry out surface treatment in the plant. This is
possible, but only under conditions of perfect protection of
structural elements during transport, assembly, until the work is
sold to the user. How far prefabrication is suitable in a plant
depends on the specified construction system of the timber
structure and the technology available in the design,
manufacture, transport and assembly. It is also necessary to take
into account the aspect of pollution or the risk of damage to the
elements. Raw unmachined building elements are less vulnerable
to climatic influences such as moisture, rain or UV radiation. In
contrast, finished elements require better protection. Such
complex elements are particularly susceptible to interventions by
subsequent crafts. The number of elements between the design
stages is innumerable and thus gives considerable potential for
individual solutions [29]. The rationalization and
industrialization of the construction industry encourages the
development of work with larger building elements [30]. The
main advantage is seen primarily in the relocation of the
production process from the construction site to the production
hall, independent of the weather conditions affecting the quality
of the final work. Production in the workshop and factory brings
additional benefits. It is possible to work better in a plant than on
a construction site. Individual building elements, such as
windows and doors, are directly built into larger or smaller large-
area assemblies [31]. This ultimately leads to higher quality,
provided the professional design and thoughtful course of
construction, the resulting construction.
2.2.1 Areas of application of prefabrication of wooden
buildings
Construction using panels with a load-bearing or non-load-
bearing function is suitable for a myriad of construction tasks.
Prefabricated components are used especially when fast
implementation is required, due to the low weight of building
components, low transport and assembly costs. Buildings can be
designed and implemented as temporary or permanent.
Demountable and relocatable space cells can be advantageously
used for the construction of office buildings and the like [32,33].
In this case, in particular, an easy response to the time-limited
scope of implementation is shown. At the beginning of their era,
these applications were a temporary solution with a limited
lifespan. Gradually, they evolved into this form. The industrial
production of small or large elements, even whole spatial cells,
is constantly being improved. The structural elements are
transported to the construction site as a whole, including
installations and often also with interior surface treatments.
2.3 Constructional design of a panel wooden building
In the subchapters I will deal specifically with the diffusely open
structure and the diffusely closed structure, their basic properties
and the differences between them.
2.3.1 Diffuse open construction
For the construction of wooden houses, which are formed by
diffusely open structures, a functional physical quantity-
diffusion is typical. It is a mechanism that is able to constantly
transport molecules in different intensities through the wall in
both directions. This process is often called the "ability of the
wall to breathe." Diffusion alone does not bring anything new
and beneficial. But by understanding its principles, returning to
nature, it is possible to make the "diffusion" of a helper by the
right choice and stamping of materials, which helps to ensure
long life of buildings with above-standard wall parameters and
healthy indoor home environment [34]. In order for this
mechanism to bring advantages, it is absolutely necessary to
ensure the exact arrangement of precisely defined materials into
the wooden structure, otherwise diffusion methods rather
problems and complications. Properly dimensioned element or
construction system based on diffusely open construction for
these reasons offers a safe composition of the wall verified by
calculations, exact tests in laboratories, where the composition of
individual layers was verified. The main principle of the wall is a
vapor barrier layer, which is formed by quality OSB boards.
Their joints must be glued and vapor-sealed with high-quality
sealing material [35,36]. It is important to ensure that the vapor
barrier layer is not damaged by installations in the house,
therefore it uses installation walls for wooden buildings with a
diffusely open construction. Another material is a special fine
mineral insulation inserted between the wooden KVH profiles of
the structure. The diffusion open system uses insulations without
the chemical additives of formaldehyde or phenol. The last and
thus the most important material in the composition is wood
fiber insulation, which ensures the final transport of water
molecules and evaporation to the exterior [10]. At the same time,
the façade carrier is an excellent sound insulator and also an
element slowing down the heat flow through the wall in the
summer months.
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